Developing Cybersecurity Law and Policy Assignment

Developing Cybersecurity Law and Policy - Assignment Example Other sections of the Register include the presidential document, reader aid and federal register xml files. These sections guide the users who are mainly federal agencies on new regulations and prerequisite information to participate in rulemaking (GPO, 2013). The Federal Register is used by the relevant agencies to call for public participation in policy creation (Mead, 2004), as the majority of civil users bring in ideas that may not be available within federal workforce. Citizens are also in a position to keep track of current updates on cyber security laws and regulations. Daily updates ensure continuous information gathering and dissemination since cyber technology is highly dynamic (Cate, 2009). Topic 2: US Cyber Command US Cyber Command is a sub-unit in the US strategic command that was created by the Office of the Secretary of Defense in 2010. It is charged with planning, integrating, coordinating, synchronizing and directing military cyber space operations and managing fede ral information networks. This was an essential step in reinforcing the Department of Defense’s capability to remain in control of its information network reducing vulnerability to cyber warfare (Kenneally, 2001). This is especially the case since intelligence information handled in the network should remain protected for national security (Kenneally, 2001). ... The president appoints a cyber security coordinator commonly referred to as the cyber czar who is a government employee. It is necessary that this position be held by the government to control biased service by private institutions that may manipulate the information systems, hence making it more vulnerable to hackers (Kenneally, 2001). Academia may have its practice based on theoretical information, thus less flexible to the dynamics involved in cyber operations. This handicaps its efficiency in service delivery. An individual who is open-minded is the most appropriate to hold this position since they have a realistic approach to cyber security management (Kenneally, 2001). Topic 3: Renewed Interest in Public-Private Partnerships Several frameworks have been put in place to improve cyber security in both the public and private sectors. Public-private partnership is essential for effective protection of U.S assets, infrastructure and economic interest from attack on cyber activities. This kind of partnership enhances information sharing, minimizing the risks of the use of cyber facilities especially in the era of increased global connectivity. Partnership enables pooling of resources required for effective workforce education and training and investment in cyber security (Guttmann et al., 2003). Both the public and private sectors should be actively involved in policy making and setting cyber law that remains ahead of possible risks and in pace with technological developments. It is of importance to create an enabling environment that respects the privacy and civil liberties of all partners involved while at the same time enhancing optimal collaboration in

What is cross cultural marketing?

What is cross cultural marketing? INTRODUCTION: CROSS CULTURAL MARKETING: Cross cultural marketing is a marketing done with two or more different cultures i.e. it is done internationally on a personal level, which means when planning marketing campaigns and media cultural differences are taken into consideration, understanding the need for maintaining the balance between Globalization and Localization and last but not the least Implementation of the strategies that are required to respect the differences while unifying of brand messages are taken into consideration. Cross Cultural Marketing is a research that takes place across the cultural groups or nations. Due to Globalization and International marketing, Cross Cultural Marketing has become very important. The nature of the Research is also becoming highly diverse. According to International view, to determine the degrees of adaption, competitive advantage and attractiveness of the markets the information of marked is used. GREET HOFSTEDE THEORY: Greet Hofstedes Cultural Theory has described National Cultures. This research was firstly conducted between 64 countries to identify the national culture differences across subsidiaries of multinational firms (IBM). There were many other research conducted such as: elites of 19 countries, studies of students of 23 countries, up-market consumers of 15 countries and commercial airline pilots in 23 countries. All the above studies together identified four cultural dimensions and the fifth one was added later on. The nature of all the managerial skills depends specifically on their culture. It is not necessary that a management philosophy or technique is going to be same as another. Culture is said to be a conflict source rather than synergy and cultural difference can be disastrous and often nuisance at its best level. There are Five Cultural Dimensions in Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, they are: Power Distance Index(PDI) Individualism(IDV) Masculinity(MAS) Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI) Long Term Orientation(LTO) 1) Power Distance Index: It is an extent to which the members who are less powerful in the organisation think that the distributions of the power amongst them are unequal. It defines inequality but it is defined from below and not from above (more vs. less). It says that the level of inequality in society is advised by the followers as much as by the leaders. The power on Inequality are of course includes in the extremely facts of any society. The awareness of societal inequality is there in anybody having some International experience, but some of them are more unequal than others. 2) Individualism: Individualism is a degree in which ‘Individualism is on one side vs. the opposite side ‘collectivism; on the individualistic side individual are collected into groups and we can find the societies in which the co operation between the individuals are loose, everyone is for himself/herself and his/her family. On the other hand Collectivism, we can find the societies in which Individuals are in groups but having great co operation amongst them, these families include grandparents, uncles and aunties, which protect them in exchanging unquestioning loyalties. This dimension is addressed to all the societies of the world and is extremely fundamental. 3) Masculinity: Masculinity has femininity on its opposite side (Masculinity vs. Femininity). Another fundamental issue on any society in the world is the distribution of roles between the genders of the society. According to IBM studies, the value of mens differing more than the value of womans in the society. The value of mens from one country to another containing the dimensions are assertive, competitive and maximal to the value of the women on one side to modest, caring and similar to the value of womens on the other hand. The assertive pole is said to be ‘Masculine. There is a gap between the mens value and womens value in masculine countries as they are competitive and assertive. 4) Uncertainty Avoidance Index: The societies of Uncertainity and ambiguity are tolerated by the ‘Uncertainty avoidance index. It refers to the search of truth by mans. It refers till what extent a culture program is comfortable or uncomfortable to its member in a situation which is unstructured such as surprising, novel and unusual. In the countries avoiding uncertainty peoples are emotional and inner nervous energy motivate them a lot. Countries avoiding uncertainty minimises such situation by applying strict rules and laws, safety and security measures and the opposite countries accepting uncertainty have few rules and are relativist on religious and philosophical level, and avoid their environment to accept emotion. 5) Long term orientation: It has Short term orientation on its opposite side, in this dimention the students of 23 countries were taken into consideration and a study was been done by way of questionnaire framed by Chinese scholar. It was not on the basis of truth. In Long term orientation the values are on the basis of frugality steadfastness and in short term orientation there was traditional respect, fulfilling social obligations. The techniques of Confucius found both the negative and positive v alues of the dimensions. This dimention is also applied on the country without a Confucian heritage. Those who are engaged in International Business, Sometimes it is amazing to know how different peoples behave in other cultures. We Human tend to have a feeling that all the peoples are same, but it is not like that. Therefore if somebody goes to some other country to make decisions and is going to make decisions same like he used to take in his own country, then it is sure that he is going to take some very bad decisions. Hofstedes research gives us some knowledge about other cultures so that if we are going to some other country, we should be more effective   interacting with peoples in that country. If the information of Hofstedes research is applied properly than it should reduce the level of anxiety, concern and frustration. Most importantly this theory will give an Understanding edge which results to more successful results. Apart from all this there are several drawbacks of applying Hofstedes Theory they are: Firstly the individuals of a country are not related to the averages of that country. Even if this model of theory is said to be correct when it is applied to a general population, one has to be aware that all the regions or even individual will not fit in the mould. It can be used as a reference guide to understand the cultural difference of different countries, but not as a law, as it is known that there are always some exceptions to any rule. Secondly, what is the accuracy of the data? The data is collected by the form of Questionnaires and it has its own limitations. In some cultures the content of the questions asked are more important than the context of the questions asked. If the group oriented cultures are taken into considerations than the individual might can answer as if it is addressed to the group in which he or she is. And Thirdly Are the data that has been collected is up to date? As there are many internal and external factors by which the culture of the country change over times. TROMPENAARS THEORY OF CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: Trompenaars theory was invented by a Dutch author named ‘FONS TROMPENAARS. This model was invented to explain the national cultural differences in the organisation and to show that it is a major challenge for international managers to manage this differences in this incongruous world. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner took ten years to   gather data. Over 15000 managers in 28 countries were sent the questionnaire and 500 usable response was received per country. This helped them to differentiate national cultures. They introduced seven cultural dimensions, they are: Universalism vs. Pluralism Individualism vs. Communitarisnism Specific vs. defuse Affectivity vs. Neutrality Inner direct and outer direct Achieved status vs. Ascribed status Sequential time vs. synchronic time 1) Universalism vs. Particularism: This is based on the question â€Å"Rules are more important or relationships†? A culture assigns the degree of importance either to personal relations or to the law. In universalism peoples think that values, standards and general rules are based on the needs of friends and other relationships and in Particularism friendships and other relations are the terms people think as culture and the rules are on the basis of how peoples are related to each other. 2) Individualism vs. Communitarianism: It is based on the question that â€Å"functions that are done by us are on the basis of groups or Individuals†? This means that the peoples are functioning more as individually or in community. In Individualism, Individual are placed in front of community by the peoples and people think that if the individual is happy or fulfilled then they are happy and fulfilled and they themselves take care of their own. In Communitarianism community is placed in front of Individual, hense it is the responsibility of the individual to act in such a way that serve the society. 3) Specific vs. defuse: It is based on a question that â€Å"how far we get involved†? It shows that the responsibility is assigned specifically or accepted defusely. The elements are analysed individually first and then put together in Specific culture and accordingly the lives of the peoples are divided. People concentrates on hard facts, contracts and standards and in Defuse culture all individual elements are related to each other. The Individual elements are given less importance than the relationships between the elements. 4) Affectivity vs. Neutrality: is based on â€Å"Are we displaying our emotions†? In Affectivity people dont feels to hide their feelings, they prefer to show their emotions and on the other side peoples dont posses to show their feelings and they controls their emotions. 5) Inner direct and outer direct: It is based on â€Å"Are we controlling our environment or we are working with it†? This is a degree in which Individual beleaves that they can control the environment or environment is controlling them. In Inner Direct culture peoples believe that Human can control nature if he/she makes an effort to do that even if it is complex. In Outer direct culture peoples believe to live in Harmony with nature as they have an organic view of nature. 6) Achieved status vs. Ascribed status: It is a degree in which Individuals have to prove themselves to achieve status or it is automatically achieved. Peoples in Achieved status culture believe that they have to accomplish something to get their status and in Ascribed Status culture, peoples believe that they have their status from their birth, gender, wealth or age. 7) Sequential time vs. synchronic time: It is a degree with Individual think in one at a time vs. Individual thinking several things at a time. In a sequential culture people think that time is sequential and the do one thing at a time and in Synchronic culture peoples believe that time is flexible and do several things at a time. (http://www.provenmodels.com/580/seven-dimensions-of-culture/charles-hampden-turnerfons-trompenaars/) COMPARISION OF GREET HOFSTEDE THEORY AND TROMPENAARS THEORY OF CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: Of the seven dimensions of Trompenaars Theory two dimentions of Hofstede Theory are closely reflected. Firstly Trompenaars Communitarianism vs. Individualism value orientation seems to be closely identical to the Individualism value orientation of Hofstede theory and secondly Trompenaars Achieved status vs. Ascribed status appears to be linked with Hofstedes Power Distance Index, If one accepts that Nature has done compromise with Status and not achievement than it shows that it has more willingness to accept power distance. This does not completely matches as Hofstedes power index in not dealing only on how according of status is been done but also how power distance is accorded within the society which is not at all covered by Trompenaars Theory. Trompenaars other dimentions such as Affectivityvs. Neutrality which says that feelings are expressed openly can be compared with Hofstedes Masculinity dimension as it focuses highly on some effects of value dimensions as Trompenaars dimension is not a value aspects but behavioural aspect in itself. The Universalism vs. Particularism which does not trust relationships and is preferring roles can determine meaning as a part of Hofstedes Uncertainty Avoidance Index on one hand and Individualism on the other hand. The Specific vs. defuse dimention of Trompenaars Theory cannot be compared to Hopsteades Theory as there are no links between them. CLASSIFICATION OF THE COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO THEIR RESPECTIVE CONSISTANCY: According to an examination that was done and several countries of the world were taking into consideration, It explains that according to both Hofstedes and Trompenaars Theory   the countries like Japan and India are relatively weaker, while UK, USA and Denmark are relatively Egocentric. There are several other countries such as Greece, Spain and Maxico which are more Egostical according to Trompenaars than Hofstedes theory and the differences cannot be explained wholly. According to Hodgetts and Luthans(2000) they feels that the differences can be due to differ in time frames of both the studies which indicates that change of culture has taken place. On the other hand it indicates that Hofstedes theory is becoming out-dated. Let us take an example of Mexico, its consolidation into Global Economy may be moving away from communitarian value. Cultures does not remains same, they changes as time changes. It is not like todays characterization would be same as it was in 1960s or 70s. The interesting point to note is that the countries such as Hungary and Russia are relatively egoistic despite of their communist past. Trompenaars also extended his research by examine the different cultures according to their nationalities, for this he introduced a new dimension: equality vs. hierarchy, in Hierarchy culture the leader has full authority and is having the best knowledge, this dimension is related with Power Distance dimension of Hofstedes theory. There are some more similarities in both the theories such as: UK and North America are relatively egoistic according to   Trompenaars theory and are relatively low according to the power distance dimension of Hofstedes theory. The countries such as Spain and France are said to be less egalitarian and high in power distance dimension on Hofstedes theory. According to Trompenaars German Culture is hierarchical, but Hofstede says that Germany is relatively low according to power distance. These were some of the countries classified by both the theories according to their respective consistency. (www1.ximb.ac.in//Hofstede%20and%20Trompenaars%20compared) TROMPENAARS DIMENTIONS IN INDIA: Indians believe that they are controlled by the environment, so they strongly accept this point, They are concerned how application of ideas and practices should be done. People in India believe that they are a part of a group, as it is a multicultural country; Indians have respect for their religion and are strongly into family values and traditions. Indians displays their affection neutrally, but they shows assertiveness which is allowed to them. They are always non-violent that is what is thought to them from starting. The size of both Public and Private Spaces are same. The people of India Takes care of their Public spaces as entry to their Public spaces can make entries to their private spaces. Most of the Indians are value ascriptions as they believe in their caste system. Their status title depends on their professional titles, their degrees and age. Friendship is given more importance.

Scarlett Letter Essay -- essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter has many characters that go through several changes during the story. For example, the young minister Dimmesdale, who commits the sin of adultery with Hester, greatly changes. He is the character that makes the most progress in the story. Dimmesdale, being a minister, acts as a role model to the townspeople. He is the last person who should commit a crime and lie about it, but in the end, he confesses to the town. The fact that he did confess illustrates his courage and morality. Hester and Dimmesdale’s affair goes undiscovered until Hester is pregnant and has a child without having her husband present. As her punishment, Hester is forced to stand on the scaffold in the middle of the market place, with an A on her chest. Dimmesdale hasn’t told anyone that he is the adulterer. He sits in the balcony with the Governor, and others, watching the display, without any expression or emotion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester and Pearl go to the Governor’s home to deliver a pair of gloves, but more importantly to talk about the possibility of the government taking away her child. After Mr. Wilson asks Pearl a few questions, the Governor decides that Hester is unready to be a mother, and that the child would be better off in the hands of the church. Hester begs Dimmesdale, whom she says knows everything about her and has charge of her soul, to speak for her. Therefore, he does, convincing the Governor to let Hester kee...

Children With Sickle Cell Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Transcranial Doppler scanning ( TCD ) is a critical technique which can place kids with reaping hook cell disease at high hazard for shot ( Deane et al. , 2007 ) .This non-invasive imagination technique uses an ultrasound investigation, that produces high frequence sound waves to mensurate intellectual blood flow. In this survey, cubic decimeter will be looking at the undermentioned everyday hematologic and biochemical research lab trials, hemoglobin, reticulocytes, white count, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine in 250 reaping hook cell disease ( SCD ) affected kids with in the age group of 3-16years who attend the Brent Sickle and Thalassaemia Clinic at Central Middlesex Hospital in May 2010 to May 2011. My purpose is to utilize the above listed research lab trials to place all kids who are at hazard of enduring from the complications of SCD like vaso-occlusive hurting crisis, acute chest syndrome, infections, stroke to multi organ failure. TCD is perf ormed one time a twelvemonth at one-year reappraisal assignments on all kids with reaping hook cell disease to find if they are at hazard of developing any SCD complications. During this survey any kid identified to hold unnatural hematologic and biochemical research lab trials listed supra will hold a TCD regardless of whenever it was done. If the TCD identifies that any kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities is at a high hazard of developing complications of SCD particularly stroke, so the current National Health Service ( NHS ) intervention program for kids with SCD must be changed to supply an even more robust intervention plan.The significance of this survey hence is to better hereafter pattern and attention for kids with SCD. This will intend that any SCD affected kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities will be referred for TCD regardless of whether they have had their annual scan in a pursuit to better the ir wellness and wellness attention direction. Prevention is better than remedy.2. IntroductionHemoglobinopathies are a broad group of diseases impacting the production and or the maps of hemoglobin. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . They are one of the most common familial upsets worldwide and can be really terrible, if non fatal. They are classed into two groups: Haemoglobin discrepancies which arise from an change in the hematohiston concatenation, for illustration, Sickle hemoglobin ( Hb S ) Thalassaemias which arise from reduced production of the normal hematohiston concatenation. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) SCD is one of the most common familial upsets impacting the hemoglobin molecule of ruddy blood cells ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . SCD is an autosomal recessionary disease, intending a individual needs two faulty cistrons to hold the disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . There are several reaping hooks cell diseases: homozygous reaping hook cell anemia or disease ( HbSS ) and heterozygote conditions including Hb SC and Hb S? thalassemia ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . HbSS is responsible for the most terrible complications seen in reaping hook cell disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . The prevalence of SCD is highest among people of African, Afro-Caribbean, Arab and Mediterranean lineage ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) It is widespread in the United States, impacting over 70,000 Afro- Americans and impacting about 12,500 people in the UK ( Howard et Al ; Kirkham et al. , 2007 ) . Sickle cell is progressively going common in the UK as a effect of migration ( Howard et al.,2007 ) . The life anticipation in SCD is between 42 and 53 old ages for work forces and 48 and 58 old ages for adult females. This low life anticipation is likely to increase as the wellness service have put in topographic point national showing programmes, instruction for parents and wellness professionals and better directions attention. Complications SCD is a multi-organ upset with a assortment of complications. The most common complications include, vaso-occlusive hurting crisis, acute chest syndrome, infections, shot, priapism, leg ulcers, cholecystitis, acute splenic or hepatic segregation to multi organ failure. ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Vaso-occlusine hurting crises is due to sickle cells blockading vass in the microcirculation taking to ischemic harm in the castanetss, the lung, the kidneys and in the tegument ( leg ulcers ) , ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Stroke is an of import complication as it is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in SCD kids. ( NHS Standard and Guidance, March 2009 ) . It has been reported as a taking cause of decease in both kids and grownups. Infarctive shot is seen chiefly in kids whereas hemorrhagic shot is normally seen in the 20-29 age groups, ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . The grounds for this age division are non good understood. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . By the age of 10, about 6 % of SCD kids are affected by ischemic shot ( .Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . It is caused by the progressive narrowing of the center, distal and anterior carotid arterias providing blood to the encephalon consequences in shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . However, grounds for this progressive narrowing are yet to be established ( Deane et al, 2007 ) , but recent surveies suggest an association between high degrees of plasma free hemoglobin ( PTH ) from hemolysis, quickly devouring azotic oxide ( NO ) , which may ensue in events suppressing blood flow. ( Nelson et al, 2006 ) . Even though it is a really serious complication in SCD kids, it can be preventable. ( Quinn et al 2004 ) , if these kids are identified. Transcranial Doppler scanning ( TCD ) has been shown to place patients at high hazard of shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . TCD is an ultrasound that measures blood flow speed in the intracerebral vass. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . It is non invasive, reasonably expensive and a painless process that is good tolerated in kids. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . This high hazard of shot brought approximately by The Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anaemia ( STOP ) survey. This survey was perfomed by a group of scientist in 1996. It showed that high blood speeds as measured by TCD in the in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , the distal internal arteria ( dICA ) and the bifurcation were associated with an increased hazard of shot. . ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . These kids with high blood flow speeds were so on a regular basis transfused to cut down the hazard of shot [ new ref Adams RJ. , 1998 ] . The STOP survey has has proven important consequences on TCD as an valuable wellness technique in forestalling shot hazard in kids. ( Adams RJ. , 1998 ) given Furthermore, an experimental survey by Fullerton et Al, 2004 on SCD kids in California showed that there was a diminution in shot after the debut of TCD with contraceptive transfusion preventative steps were taken. . ( Rees et al, 2008 ) . Many surveies have shown the benefits of mensurating high blood speeds on TCD and subsequent transfusion to cut down hemoglobin S can cut down the hazard of shot. ( ) . Based on these surveies, National counsel from the NHS Sickle and Thalassaemia testing programmes recommended the usage of TCD scans all over the state. The guidelines proposed that by 2010, 99 % of reaping hook cell Centres in England should offer one-year TCD scans to kids with SCD from age 2 to 16 old ages. The scan consequences are classed into classs depending on the clip averaged maximum average speed ( TAMMV ) of the in-between intellectual arteria or the intracranial internal carotid arterias or the bifurcation of the two arterias, ( Standard and Guidance, March 2008 ) . TAMMV values & A ; lt ; 170 cm/s are normal, 170-199cm/s are conditional and & A ; gt ; 200cm/s are important forecasters of shot. ( Standard and Guidance, March 2008 ) . However, studies in the UK have shown that many kids do non hold entree to TCD scans ( Rees et al 2008 ) . Therefore it is imperative to place kids at high hazard for shot so that effectual preventative steps are taken. In this survey, based on cardinal hematologic and biochemical modus operandi trials we aim to happen research lab parametric quantities which can be used as showing tools for shot and be used in placing those kids most likely to hold an unnatural TCD scan. If these labaoratory paramaters can place SCD kids at increased hazard for shot it may take to recommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scans to be given to these kids.TreatmentIn the UK, the National Health Service ( NHS ) has developed local guidelines for the intervention and direction of SCD, including: a combination of antibiotics, hurting slayers, fluids and ruddy cell transfusion when required. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea, an unwritten anticancer drug is besides used in some SC D patients to forestall painful crises ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea works by increasing fetal hemoglobin F ( Hb F ) degrees which prevents the polymerization of the deoxygenated HbS in ruddy cells, therefore diminishing the frequence of painful crises ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Reports from Howard et al 2007 and Frenate et Al 2007 besides explain that Hydroxyurea improves ruddy cell hydration, diminishing the adhesion of reaping hook cells to the endothelium and act as a azotic oxide giver, doing this drug rather good to utilize. A multi-centre survey of hydroyurea ( MSH ) in 299 grownups with SCD showed important benefits of utilizing this drug as patients had less one-year painful crises ( Charache et al.,1995 ) . A follow-up survey nine old ages on showed that these patients had a better quality of life ( Steinberg et al. , 2003 ) . Despite its clinical benefits, many patients are disbelieving about it being a chemotherapeutic drug and are hence disquieted about the lo ng term side effects ( Frennete et al. , 2007 ) . Bone marrow organ transplant can bring around SCD. About 175 HLA matched sibling grafts have been reported with greater than 80 % disease free patients holding a quality life ( Howard et al. , 2007 ) , nevertheless, troubles lie in happening a blood-donor lucifer and there is a hazard of decease associated with this procedure due to high doses of chemotherapy and radiation ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) . A possible remedy for SCD is cistron therapy, where infixing a normal cistron will convey about production a normal hemoglobin or shift of the faulty cistron. This is presently being investigated in research surveies as there are frights over the safety of genomic interpolation ( Sadelain et al, 2006 ) . Present surveies have shown that prenatal and neonatal showing for hemoglobinopathies in England has led to early sensing of affected kids, therefore, cut downing the post-natal and childhood morbidity and mortality ( Old J M 2007 ) .3. HistoryHaemoglobin ( Hb ) is an Fe incorporating protein, which carries O from the lungs to the organic structure ‘s cells and tissues ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . After 3-6months of age Hb A is the dominant hemoglobin, with little measures of hemoglobins F and A2 ( Hofbrand et el, 2001 ) . Normal hemoglobins in grownup human blood are as follows: HbA: ?2 I?2 ( 96-98 % ) HbF: ?2?2 ( 0.5-0.8 % ) Hb A2: ?2?2 ( 1.5-3.2 % ) Sickle cell disease is caused by a permutation at place 6 of a individual amino acid in the DNA sequence of the ? hematohiston concatenation ( fig. 1 ) . The minor alteration of glutamic acid for valine, as illustrated in figure 1, consequences in an altered hemoglobin discrepancy known as the Sickle Hb ( Hb S ) ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) , which reduces the endurance of ruddy cells and causes irreversible sickling of ruddy cells at low O conditions ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Consequently SCD patients endure a assortment of symptoms runing from anemia, terrible bone hurting ( referred to as sickle crisis ) , stroke, acute thorax hurting, to multi organ harm ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) .Amino acidproglugluNormal ?- concatenationBase composing CCT Joke Joke Base composing CCT GTG JokeSickle concatenationprovalgluFig 1. Showing a individual base alteration in the he DNA sequence, where A ( A ) is replaced by T ( T ) . This permutation consequences in an amino acid alteration from glutamic acid to valine in the 6th place. ( Adapted from Hoffbrand et Al, 2001 ) . Normal ruddy blood cells are flexible and round in form. Their flexibleness and form allows them to go freely through little blood vass, known as capillaries ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . ) . Hb S is indissoluble when exposed to low O environments and may organize polymers which may change the ruddy cell membrane from a biconcave form to a sickle form. In oxygenated environments, sickled molded cells can alter back to the biconcave form ; nevertheless frequent form alterations may do lasting harm doing some cells to stay sickled. ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Furthermore, these sickled cells circulate at a slower rate compared to normal ruddy cells and tend to go stuck, therefore barricading vass in the microcirculation and doing infarcts of assorted variety meats ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) .DiscussionSurveies in the last two decennaries were more focused on direction of the return of cerebrovascular diseases ( CVA ) . Recently the focal point is now on forestalling the happening of a fir st CVA ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . Hemolytic anemia is associated to many complications of SCD ( Lezcano et al, 2006 ) . Assorted surveies have linked low Hb, and hemolytic markers such as Retics, LDH, AST and creatinine to cerebrovascicar diseases such as shot. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . Incidence of ischemic shot is higher in SCD kids impacting about 6 % by the age of 10years ( Howard et al, 2007, Deane et Al, 2008 ) . It is associated with an occlusive vasculopathy impacting the distal, proximal and anterior arterias ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . The narrowing of these vass may develop over months to old ages before symptoms of a Stroke may happen ( Adams et al. , 1997 ; Bulas et Al, 2000 ) . Designation of hazard factors for shot is of import because it offers the possibilities of forestalling it. Clinical surveies have identified some research lab trials as hazard factors for shot. ( Kirkham et al, 2007 ) , but none has strong anticipation when compared to TCD ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . Surveies by Adams et al 1998 and Lezacano et Al 2006 have shown that the disposal of regular blood transfusion therapy in kids with unnatural TCD measurings reduces both plasma hemoglobin and serum LDH degrees. LDH has long been associated as a marker of intravascular hemolysis by Neely et Al, 1969. Surveies by Ballas et Al, 1991 and Kato et Al, 2006 found serum LDH the dominant biomarker in intravascular hemolysis and besides strong correlativities of LDH with hemolytic markers such as hemoglobin, retics and AST in grownups with SCD. A recent survey by O'driscoll and co-workers done at King ‘s College Hospital in London in 2007 reported that high serum LDH in kids with SCD correlatives to abnormal TCD measurings. This determination suggests that LDH can be a important biomarker or a hazard factor for shot in kids with SCD. They besides reported important correlativities between LDH, Hb, Retics and AST. Furthermore, Rees et Al in 2008 found important correlativities between unnatural TCD consequences and Hb, Retics, AST and age. These happening were used to develop an index which can be used to place kids with SCD probably to hold unnatural TCD values. The survey by O'driscoll and co-workers is the first survey which demonstrates that a high serum LDH degree in SCD kids has strong correlativities with unnatural TCD measurings. Therefore in this survey we aim to utilize LDH as one of the research lab parametric quantities and farther validate the survey at Kings in the patient population at CMH. Extra showing factors for shot are hence needed. With this attack in head, Hb F, Hb S and WBC will besides be analysed in this survey. The importance of WBC arise from observations that high leucocytes is associated to terrible complications of SCD and from findings by Platt et al.,1994 that leucocytosis is a hazard factor in clinically open shot and in acute thorax syndrome ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ; Mark et al. , 2008 ) . High WBC is reported to correlate significantly with shot ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) , therefore a good parametric quantity to mensurate in this survey. Hb F is said to cut down the hemolysis, thereby cut downing the hazard of shot in kids ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . The genotypes, HBSS and HBSC kids will be assessed to see which group is more at hazard for shot. The current theories of complications of SCD particularly with respects to cerebrovascular disease are largely focussed on hemolysis and the bioavailability of NO. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . Chronic hemolysis leads to the release of plasma Hb which sucks up NO. NO is a vasodilative, hence less NO in the microcirculation upsets the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation which consequence in endothelial disfunction ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . More surveies in understanding hemolysis and the function played by NO will assist in understanding SCD complications and cut down its badness in the hereafter. ( Kato et al. , 2007 ) . Several surveies has suggested that, there is a nexus between shot and hemolysis and that shot is associated with low hemoglobin and compensatory reticulocytes. ( Kato et al.,2007 ) . With that attack, we aim to mensurate the undermentioned research lab parametric quantities: Hb, Retic, AST, Creatinine and LDH and correlate them to abnormal TCD measurings.Future PROSPECTSRecommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scan given to kids who have been identified with these research lab parametric quantities so that primary stroke can be avoided and preventative steps such as, transfusion or exchange transfusion is given. This will so better their attention.

Compulsory education Essay

The K-12 education system is the public education system that most people are familiar with today. Comprised of 13 grades, kindergarten through 12th, it refers to the public school system in all of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and parts of Europe as well. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact history of education, as it has been occurring in some form for centuries in all parts of the world. Today, K-12 education represents the compulsory education required of all children in the US. Though this type of education can be attained from either publicly or privately funded institutions, children who have reached compulsory school age (ranging from age six to eight, depending on the state) are required by law to attend school. Compulsory education in the United States began over 150 years ago when Horace Mann established a statewide system of education in Massachusetts, which became the first state to pass school attendance laws in 1852. By 1918, children were required by law to receive an education in all states. Kindergarten was actually developed prior to compulsory education. Though it is not compulsory in all states, children are required to start school in most states at the age of six. If the child is too young to start kindergarten the year he turns five, kindergarten may technically be required since he will be turning six that school year. The word kindergarten is of German origin and means â€Å"children’s garden.† The concept was the brainchild of Friedrich Froebel, a self-educated philosophical teacher, who sought to develop a place of guided play for children to â€Å"bloom.† The first kindergarten established in England was in 1852, and the United States followed by establishing its first in 1856. Though education was required of all children in Massachusetts by that time and many other states were following suit, not all schools provided, nor required, kindergarten. Similarly, not all schools required a student to stay in school beyond a certain grade, as compulsory education initially applied only to elementary aged children. Many children were also permitted to miss portions of the  school year, especially farmers’ children who were needed at home for harvesting crops and preparing for the winter. The Education Act of 1918, or the Fisher Act, was an act of British Parliament that implemented changes in progressive education and helped form many aspects of the K-12 education system used today. The Fisher Act raised the age at which children could leave school to 14 and addressed education needs, such as health inspections and accommodations for special needs children. This act also led to the development of a committee that reported to and made recommendations to policy makers regarding education. In the United States, unlike England, public education was governed by each individual state. As early as 1791, seven states had specific provisions for education in their own individual constitutions and were formed partly on the basis of education without religious bias. Prior to the passing of compulsory school attendance laws, education was primarily localized and available only to the wealthy, and it often included religious teachings. Following the compulsory attendance laws, Catholics banned together in opposition of states mandating common schooling and created private Catholic schools. In 1925, the Supreme Court ruled that children could attend public or private schools for education. Over time, each individual state developed its own department of education to oversee the public education system. Compulsory attendance grew to include kindergarten and mandate attendance through the age of 16. Funding sources for public education also grew to include federal, state and local sources. Federal funding was overseen by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1953 to 1979, until it was divided and the US Department of Education was formed as a stand-alone entity. By the 1950s, compulsory education had become well established, but the K-12 education system was really still in its infancy. Schools were still primarily localized, but education was no longer available only to the wealthy. Even in the 1950s, however, segregation by race was still common practice in public schools in the US. Then came another landmark decision by  the Supreme Court. In 1954, in the US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Though this decision was met with resistance and it took many years before legalized segregation was completely eliminated, especially in southern states, the federal courts eventually achieved success. This achievement was not without its repercussions, and many urban and inner city schools saw an exodus of wealthy and middle-class white families, who moved to suburban districts. In time, many urban districts were left only with poor families and it became difficult to attract and pay for quality teachers and education. Since the formation of the US Department of Education in 1979, the education system has been similar to what is found today, but has undergone a series of developments and amendments to accommodate the changing needs of education. Funding has always been a source of concern for public schools, especially in poor, urban districts, where the quality of education also came into question. As a result, federal funding is now directly related to school performance as determined by standardized testing under the current No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). NCLB was signed into law by President George W. Bush 3 January 2002. Under this law, standards of accountability were increased in an effort to improve performance and to give parents flexibility in choosing schools. NCLB requires states to administer assessments of basic skills to all students at certain grade levels and achieve the standards set forth by each state in order to receive federal funding. Specific and more rigorous goals were placed on reading achievements under this law and states also had to develop high school exit or graduation exams with specific measures of assessment in place as well. The intention was to hold schools to a higher  level of accountability, but was debated from its inception. Currently, the K-12 public education system provides a 12th grade education to eligible students for free. Families have the option of sending their children to private schools, but are then responsible for tuition. The future of education will undoubtedly experience change and social and economical challenges, just as it has in the past. Programs may soon expand to include pre-K compulsory attendance and could even expand to include options beyond the 12th grade, as these are concepts, in their earliest stages, currently being explored.

Come See essays

Come See essays Prejudice. Discrimination. Hate. Genocide. Concentration camps. Ethnic cleansing. Throughout the course of the history of the world, it has experienced many dark and evil times. From the Nazis of Germany, to the recent tragedies of September 11th, we as a society have come together time and time again to rise from the peril and become even stronger. What happens though, when our own country decides to go through with a grave injustice? The feelings and reactions to this were portrayed excellently in the film, Come See the Paradise. The movie relives a time during World War II when we as Americans decided to discriminate Japanese-Americans. In this memo I will include a synopsis of the movie and will also my add my personal feelings and reflections on the effect of this movie. The movie opens in Brooklyn, New York. The year is 1936. We are introduced to our main character, Jack (played by Dennis Quaid) inside a movie theater. Jack and his group of Union members set fire to this theater. It is then learned that he is a member of the movie theater union in New York. This failed attack on this theater prompts our Irishman lead character to be kicked out of his union and told to lay low for awhile. Jack is left with no where to turn so he heads to San Francisco to live with his brother and find a real job. He is quickly kicked out of his brothers house and finds a job at a theater found in China town. Jacks arrival to this small theater leads to a friendship with the owners son , Charlie. The two bond and go to lunch everyday. This is when Jack becomes infatuated with his sister, Lily. She joins them for something to eat one day and Jack, wasting no time, kisses her. Their innocent kisses turn into dates which infuriates Lilys father. Jack is quickly fired and forbidden to see Lily again. The beautiful thing about love though, is that absence makes the heart grow fonder. There was nothing that would s...

Corporation Social Responsibility

Corporation Social Responsibility Executive Summary This paper touches the aspects of corporation social responsibility and the challenges, the world faces with each time a new organization appears and offers its services. It is crucially important to offer proper strategic options in order to be able to control situation, protect environment, and still take leading positions in the chosen industry.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Corporation Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Three major questions about corporation social responsibility and the conflicts between activities, demands, and needs will be discussed in this paper. Personal opinion of how to make an organization more effective and not harmful for environment and society will be offered as well. Corporate Social Responsibility as an Effective Business Opportunity to Companies with a Mix of Stakeholders Strategic options to companies with a mix of stakeholders Nowadays, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is widely discussed by numerous organizations because its main duty is to perform business and, at the same time, to respect the rights of all individuals and to support human welfare (Manakkalathil Rudolf 1995, p. 29). Numerous researches have already showed that the role of stakeholders influences positive development of social responsibility images (Maignan Ralston 2002, p. 497), this is why this sphere has to be studied thoroughly. There is a separate group of stakeholders, called a â€Å"mix of stakeholders†, that includes already overlooked stakeholders or those representatives, who decrease own relevance to the particular project. This mix of stakeholders may touch upon specific aspects, which may become crucial for any other stakeholder (Franklin 2001, p. 288). And such strategic options like improving private health services or prevention of possible inflectional diseases, possibilities to become the ch eapest and the best simultaneously, and domination in the chosen niche of industry by means of multiple donations from different stakeholders. Conflict between luxury branding and environmental concern The cult of luxury branding becomes more and more prevalent day by day (Greene 2008, p. 48), and the concerns about environment, its pollution, and its challenges are also burning enough to pay more and more attention to them (Vos, Sapat, Thai 2002, p. 305). The conflict among these two concepts is obvious, because people are always eager to have wealth and health, and do not bother how to find out the necessary balance. Sustainable business is one of those, who actually cares about these both issues and try to solve this conflict, providing possible benefits to protect environment, and at the same time, be interesting and popular among rich people. The investigations prove that green policy is inherent to many developing companies, and even a new rebellion technological revolution c annot be stopped, the activities of sustainable organizations should prevent the disaster (Fields 2002, 142).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Luxury branding is a good source to earn money and pick out reliable and constant financial supporters, however, when we talk about money, the issue of safe environment becomes less important. It turns out to be very difficult to solve this dilemma and its outcomes become crucial for many business organizations, its stakeholders, and its individuals. Effects on company performance â€Å"Organizations need to be able to manage both change and current business to achieve sustainable growth† (Rogers 2004, p. 21), and also cope with the problems, which prevent citizens from safe existence. People face numerous problems, which cannot be solved within a short period of time, and such challenges like pollution of e nvironment, child labour abuses, or unanswered health issues bothers many organizations (Guarnieri Kao 2008, p. 36). However, there are always some kind of hope that proves the ability to bridge the dilemma and fight against the conflicts within organizations and the world. And one of the first steps, which have to be taken, is the recognition of the problem and identification that human activities, aimed at satisfying personal demands, are the grounds for environmental problems (Quinn, JB Quinn, JF 2000, p. 45). Evaluation of risks, identification of brands, and attention to human resources – these points have to be taken into account as well in order to solve dilemma and conflict of human needs and demands. Personal evaluation of corporation social responsibility Porter and Kramer (2006) admit that government and numerous activists become involved into the development of sustainable business, however, remain to be unable to predict social consequences (p. 78). I think tha t the activities of such organizations like Toyota, Volvo, or Whole Foods Market may be introduced like the best examples of how to carry out their corporate social responsibilities and offered for the companies (Converse, Chateau Latour, or Artemis S. A), led by Mr. Pinault. First of all, it is necessary to pay much attention to such issues like private health services, because only health workers are able to present good products and bring benefits to the company. Another important idea that has to be admitted by Mr. Pinault is that social responsibilities imply certain pricing, and this pricing is closely connected to society and its well-being (Smith 2003, p. 52). This is why it is necessary to care about the financial support of each organization and not to waste money on searching more investors, because Mr. Pinault may allow any kind of investing independently, but concentrate on such issues like health, personal achievements, and care about workers.Advertising We wil l write a custom critical writing sample on Corporation Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More List of References Fields, S 2002, ‘Sustainable Business Makes Dollars Sense’, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 142. Franklin, AL 2001, ‘Involving Stakeholders in Organizational Processes’, International Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 24, no.4, pp.385-403 Greene, L 2008, ‘The Teen Takeover’, The Daily Mail, October, p.48. Guarnieri, R. Kao, T 2008, ‘Leadership and CSR – a Perfect Match’, People Strategy, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 34-41. Maignan, I., Ralston, D 2002, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe and the US: Insights from Businesses Self Presentations’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 33 No.3, pp.497-514. Manakkalathil, J., Rudolf, E 1995, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility in a Globalizing Marketâ€⠄¢, SAM Advanced Management Journal, vol. 47, no. 1, pp.29-32. Porter, M.E. Kramer, M.R 2006, ‘Strategy Society’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 84 No. 12, pp. 78-92.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quinn, JF Quinn, JB 2000, ‘Forging Environmental Markets’, Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No.3, pp. 45. Rogers, M 2004, ‘Capabilities for Sustainable Business Success’, Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 29, No.1, pp.21. Smith, C 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or How?’, California Management Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 52-76. Vos, JJ, Sapat, A, Thai, KV 2002, ‘Blaming the Victim: The Role of Decision-Makers in the Occurrence of Environmental Injustice’, International Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 23, pp. 305. Bibliography http://wetland.org/ About environmental concern http://mallenbaker.net/ Corporate Social Responsibility https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Brand_differentiation Corporate Social Responsibility https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault Francois Pinault

5 Points to Take into Account While Looking for Writers to Help with Your Assignment

5 Points to Take into Account While Looking for Writers to Help with Your Assignment 5 Points to Take into Account While Looking for Writers to Help with Your Assignment When you are looking to hire a writer, you have to make sure that he/she is the best candidate for the task to handle. Unfortunately, many people do not know which qualities to pay attention to, when they are searching for writers. Luckily, this article will help you understand which factors you should consider before hiring the writer. There are five key points that determine if the person you are interviewing will provide you with the best writing. 1. Previous Feedback When you are looking for writers, pay attention to the previous customers’ feedback. Almost all professional writers have reviews that their clients have left. Look over them to make sure that the person you are going to hire is reliable and really good at writing. If the writer does not have any reviews, or is not willing to show you the clients’ feedback, this is the red flag that you have to omit such a person and find someone else to work with. 2. Writing Samples Good, readable writing is the most important skill of a truly professional writer. As such, you need to make sure that the person you are going to hire is well qualified for the job. The best way to do this is to ask him/her for the samples. You can look through these papers and determine whether the writers style fits your needs. 3. Communication Skills Can you easily contact the person you would like to hire? Good communication skills are very important. This ensures you that the writer is able to understand and meet your needs. Additionally, being able to contact the writer makes it easier to discuss any revisions or changes that might be required. 4. Ability to Meet Deadlines Your project needs to be completed within a finite amount of time before the due day. Otherwise, you will not have enough time to check the paper, and as a result will be punished for delaying or for submitting the poor piece. Because of this, you have to work with someone who will be able to meet the deadline. So, make sure that the writer knows exactly when the assignment has to be finished. 5. Does the Writer Works for an Agency? Are you looking for a freelance assignment writer, or someone who works for an agency? Some writers work for themselves, while others are employed by writing companies. While both options are great, writers, who work for the agencies, tend to be more reliable. They are part of the larger businesses, so they treat their crafts with professional seriousness. Good feedback, great writing samples, and being able to meet the deadline are the items to ensure you that you are on the right path. Consequently, such a writer will provide you with a worthy paper. So, when you want to find the most qualified writer possible, use these key points to make the right choice and to hire the best candidate for you piece.

School holidays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School holidays - Essay Example In order to attend the first Mass, an individual has to be out of bed as early as a quarter to six, in the morning. The first mass usually begins at exactly eight o’clock, and Father Franco is never known to be late for Mass. It was not easy for most of our peers to attend the first Mass because it cut in on their precious holiday sleep, which was a privilege that not many cared to forfeit just to attend the first Mass. Ken and I had different motivators that saw us opt it. During the school holiday, we had a favorite Sunday afternoon activity that involved going swimming at the local sports club where we had the opportunity to interact and socialize with young girls whom we fancied. Getting to the swimming pool early was the best strategy of eliminating competition and getting the best poolside sunbathing spots close to the girls. Additionally, visiting the swimming pool earlier meant that we could not be locked out when the gate is closed to prevent more people from coming in since it had a limited capacity. We lived in a community where skipping church attendance was a taboo because we lived in an extremely strict Catholic society. Everyone had to attend church on Sunday morning before attending to any other activity unless a person was bedridden or incapacitated by a life-threatening situation.

Ehnancing level of engagement with performance with data in the Dissertation

Ehnancing level of engagement with performance with data in the allocation and use of Seychelles - would an integrated VFM code - Dissertation Example This culminated to extremely high debt ratios for this nation. Nonetheless, the government needs reforms in the public sector to curb the current problems it is facing. Reforms have been adopted in the various sectors and progress being followed by major bodies like the World Bank and UN Human Development. The allocation and use of resources in this nation shows a huge gap as compared to large nations. Russian being one of them has had adoption of better allocation of resources and aiding institutions develop performance indicators and institutionalize these in budget formulation (Diamond & IMF, 2005, 22). This exacerbates the dire need for evaluating value for money in government spending and finding insights in to areas that the VFM code is lacking and should be integrated. Analysis of the interview 1. VFM processes that are in use and how can they be enhanced through the adoption of a more integrated VFM based approach 67% of the respondents have outlined VFM practices in Educatio n sector. However, there is need to have monitoring unit and review process. 33% of the respondent stated that VFM and performance budgeting will be introduced in 2015. 33% of the interviewee have expressed that VFM is in use in the Auditor’s general office in Seychelles. The reduced number of staff however, is hindering the optimal function of this department. 2. VFM be integration into decision making and resource allocation cycles A SMART analysis is recommended by 33% of the respondent to be used in introducing performance budgets in the budget process. 100% of the respondents state that there is need to have a public monitoring unit or a reviewing body to review budget spending. 33% state that a specific department should be set aside for this purpose only. 3. Feasibility and desirability of the VFM model adaptation in Seychelles 100% response indicate that the integration of this model is a costly agenda but with time it will be fully inducted i.e. 2015. The need for a VFM code is highly vital as expressed by 100% of the respondents. 4. Challenges likely to be encountered and the scope for changes in this direction Ineffective monitoring and implementation unit Lack of good administration in analysis projects Cultural impact – acceptance and gradual change Funding for Research and implementation of the Model in full Bulk budget allocation 100% indicate that there is need to do thorough research in countries that have integrated VFM successfully. There will be gradual implementation of the model by 2015. 5. Form of an integrated VFM code for Seychelles The modest methods recommended are Cost benefit analysis; the 3e’s analysis and the trend analysis deferred form the confidence levels. However, the respondents do not have a clear method to be used. However, there are insights into doing research work in countries that have implemented VFM models successfully. Enhancing levels of engagement with performance data policy Definition of Va lue for Money Code Value for money’ is a term that is used to show an explicit commitment to enabling the best results possible are achieved from the money spent. In the UK Government, VFM has been used to depict a concern for more transparency and accountability in spending

Orgainizational research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Orgainizational research - Essay Example The fact that Ahold and Enron were the source of empirical evidence may have incorporated some form of bias, as the two organizations were high-ranking CSR organization prior to the induction of the concept. H (4): Four, the uniqueness of the CSR strategies determine its success. This follows Smith’s concept that if a firms’ strategies are conceived carefully and genuinely, then they must be unique despite the similarities of corporate reports even from the closest rivals. This research focuses on a new perspective on CSR: A sense-making approach that will enhance our understanding on CSR strategies and the impacts of specific sense-making processes in an organization. The assumption is that a thorough investigation and understanding of how people speak, talk, and tend to behave towards CSR strategies will provide a rich context of exploration on the nature of CSR in organizations (Banerjee, 2007). Essentially, the research combines the theories of sense making by Weick and other scholars (including Palazzo and Bazu, and Wheaterbee and Mills). The research uses a qualitative case study approach for collection of data, as this generally enables consideration of specific elements of industry and context, as well as respecting the unique nature of CSR (Leedy and Ormrod, 2010). The concept of CSR is has been constantly expanding and evolving over time, presenting difficulties in analyzing theories on CSR. Moreover, different scholars combined different approaches using similar terminologies but came up with diverse definitions. Examples include corporate social performance, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder management, corporate governance, sustainable development, and corporate citizenship, among others (Banerjee, 2007). There literature review identifies six foci of CSR in a chronological order. The first focus of CSR was a pro-CSR attitude, fostered by the legitimacy and social contract

E-marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-marketing - Case Study Example At the same time it is also worthwhile here to mention that the e-Market space is coming up as a formidable alternative, as the customer feels more comfortable to know everything before accepting the services of the company. E-business is more than just e-commerce. It involves business processes spanning the entire value chain: electronic purchasing and supply chain management, processing orders electronically, handling customer service, and cooperating with business partners. Such a venture on the net greets each customer by name and presents targeted information and services that correspond to each visitor's unique preferences and requirements. This not only helps in reducing the man-hours spent by the company officials in explaining the details to customers, but it also helps us in establishing as a company with total transparency in all its deals. Real estate and mortgage deals are not done by individual customers on a daily or weekly basis. An individual resort to such deals onl y limited number of times in many years. Therefore, the individual prefers to give a deep thought to it before actually going for it.

Ethno Nationalist Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ethno Nationalist Terrorism - Essay Example The main Palestine groups employing terrorism as a means of achieving their goals and strategic objectives in the region currently include Hamas, most notably its military wing – Al-Qassam Brigades – and Fatah’s Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades. The Israeli Government counter-terrorist organizational framework includes the Israeli Police, ISA, Mossad and IDF (Ganor 2005). International human rights organizations, like Amnesty International for instance, blame IDF for a number of war crimes and violations of human rights during their offensives in the Gaza Strip (Amnesty International, 2015). Inasmuch as the primary method of attacks employed by Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups is rocket-firing mainly into Israel, the range of targets is vast, including civilians, army and police personnel as well as infrastructure and build environment. According to IDF, civilian and public buildings, including schools and hospitals are used by Hamas as command centers and/or weapons depots (Amnesty International, 2015). Being aimed at the achievement of the main political goals, these attacks are commonly associated with the Palestinian grievances and discontent (see Oberschall, 2004). A significant attempt at conflict resolution, besides the peace treaties between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel and Jordan in1994, was the so-called Oslo Accord (Gelvin, 2014). Despite the transfer of control over the Gaza Strip and West Bank to autonomous Palestinian rule, thus being considered an unprecedented breakthrough, the Oslo Accord failed to achieve both the fundamental goal of permanently appeasing the region and creating an independent Palestinian state (Selby, 2003). As Oberschall (2004) points out, denying political opportunity, safe bases for terrorist operations, and alleviation of poverty and socio-economic inequities would

History of Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Design - Essay Example Countries like Russia, USA and France, attended the exhibit. The palace was regarded as the first theme park offering education and entertainment. Ruskin questioned the paying of an artist on the basis of hours worked. Artistic work takes basis on very many perspectives. He stated that an artist should be paid in relation to their economically immeasurable quality of work. Artists have no power to determine their financial value but rather this depends primarily on the buyer. He postulated close monitoring of the worker through close supervision for better results. Charlie was born in Glasgow Scotland in the year 1868. He later joined Glasgow school of art in the year 1884. Having completed his studies in the year 1889, he became an architectural assistant. In the year 1890, Charlie won a scholarship in Italy which acted as a gateway to his success in the field of art. Charlie is highly regarded as a leading factor for the development of various designs. An excellent example is the textile designs and interior designs. He also brought the idea of modernism. Charlie was greatly influenced by the Japanese style due to its simplicity, style and use of natural materials. Some of these designs are’ Argyle Chair, High black chair, Hill House chair and Ingram chair. In conclusion, Charlie undertook great projects in Europe like; Hill house, Windy Hill, Former Daily Record Offices Glasgow, and Lighthouse Glasgow. Queens Cross church project was rated as one his

Ethno Nationalist Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ethno Nationalist Terrorism - Essay Example The main Palestine groups employing terrorism as a means of achieving their goals and strategic objectives in the region currently include Hamas, most notably its military wing – Al-Qassam Brigades – and Fatah’s Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades. The Israeli Government counter-terrorist organizational framework includes the Israeli Police, ISA, Mossad and IDF (Ganor 2005). International human rights organizations, like Amnesty International for instance, blame IDF for a number of war crimes and violations of human rights during their offensives in the Gaza Strip (Amnesty International, 2015). Inasmuch as the primary method of attacks employed by Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups is rocket-firing mainly into Israel, the range of targets is vast, including civilians, army and police personnel as well as infrastructure and build environment. According to IDF, civilian and public buildings, including schools and hospitals are used by Hamas as command centers and/or weapons depots (Amnesty International, 2015). Being aimed at the achievement of the main political goals, these attacks are commonly associated with the Palestinian grievances and discontent (see Oberschall, 2004). A significant attempt at conflict resolution, besides the peace treaties between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel and Jordan in1994, was the so-called Oslo Accord (Gelvin, 2014). Despite the transfer of control over the Gaza Strip and West Bank to autonomous Palestinian rule, thus being considered an unprecedented breakthrough, the Oslo Accord failed to achieve both the fundamental goal of permanently appeasing the region and creating an independent Palestinian state (Selby, 2003). As Oberschall (2004) points out, denying political opportunity, safe bases for terrorist operations, and alleviation of poverty and socio-economic inequities would

The Media and the Economics of Sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Media and the Economics of Sport - Essay Example In addition the sports, culture and the media tends to represents entrenched and a taken for granted feature of the concept of late capitalism. There is no or little evidence that states that the blend of sports and media along with culture and the growth and emergence of new media would slow or decline in the future (Scherer, n.d, p. 84). During the nineteen century sports and media had become mass phenomena and therefore the two, sports and media have been parallel over the years. There exists a mutual relationship in between the two factors. However today’s in the modern world sports and media complex are a result of social developments and new technology. The system was developed through television as a means of conveyor of exhibition and exposure. With the commercialization of the television along with the growing competition from the audiences in new media have played a crucial role in enhancing the new media for sports. The appeal of sports has become so significant tha t it tends to fuel the changes which take place within the social institution such as journalism and broadcasting. Thus the value of sports has helped shape the structure and practice of media and similarly media facilitates the reformation of sports. It was in Britain that the relationship between media and sports was first developed. Media needs Sports Modern sports and the media are both multibillion businesses. Elite sports functions require mass media in order to underwrite and publicize them accordingly. The huge market of sport along with the equipment and merchandise to a very large extend is sustained by the media and its 24/7 sports coverage along with the economic infrastructure of the media which depends largely on the sports in order to make it large, create loyal readers, listeners, interactive consumers and also viewers. But the dynamics of synergy between sports and media is not without problems. The media has an influence only in ways how events are staged but also time of taking place. The media decides on the time and lace of an event to take place. When the Olympics sprinters started to run the race at 5 in the morning so that the people of New York could watch them in prime time which took place in the summer games in South Korea in the year 1988. This shows that the media have clearly exercised a certain degree of influence over sports which was not possible or unthinkable in the olden days. Thus the economic interest of media is evident from the advertisement which keeps on interrupting the event covered by television networks. But there are occasional backlash between sports and media. Some athletes sometimes accuse the media in particularly the television for taking things out of sports and altering the rules, structure and ethos. Corporate sponsorship is one of the key areas where the brand value of the sports is central to the relationship between sports and media. This has helped the sports organization along with the competitions t o be funded in the process of expanding identification, brand recognition and also loyalty from the sponsors. Thus the key to commercialization of sports with the help of celebrity

Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste

Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste REVIEW OF COPPER RECOVERY METHODS FROM METALLURGICAL WASTE Apurva Patel, Prof. Nimish Shah Abstract: Copper is one of the most used metals in recent developments and demand of this red metal is increasing with passing of each day. Production of copper is 12 million tons per year and copper reserves are expected to run for 25 years with the estimated world copper reserves of 300 million tons. Recovery of copper from metallurgical waste is a trend that is being followed from beginning of industrial age and has many developments over a large time frame. Out of all the copper used in existing process, 2 million tons of copper is utilized with recycling of copper waste. Copper ore reserve contribution of India is limited and extended up to 2 percent of world reserve. We can say that copper has a large amount at our reserves but excavation is not as simple as it seems. Copper content in the raw mines is ranging from 0.5 to 1 percent. Even after recovery of copper there is large waste generated at the end of the process. Copper content in the waste is up to 0.3 percent at the dis charge. Ultimately around hundred times of waste is generated for recovery of one part of copper. That pushes forward the need of recycling copper from metallurgical waste to cater the need of increasing copper demand. Copper recovery from high copper containing metallurgical wastes like brass industries are generally dealt with smelting process. In such case large amount of energy is utilized to just melt down all the material. This process has a limitation of copper content i.e. if copper content is low then all the energy is utilized in melting of undesired material. Demand for electroplating of copper has increased significantly. Low efficiency or improper process handling causes remarkably high copper content in waste discharge, which is over the range of discharge criteria of heavy metals. So to control the increasing price of metals and to limit the use of fresh copper, recycling must be done so the recovery from waste also gives the advantage of being in range of the allowab le government legislations. Though these hazardous heavy metals in electroplating waste having concentration high enough to give harmful impacts to environment but convincingly low concentration that is not enough to recover these metals effectively. In this paper, overview of different methods for copper recovery is illustrated and justified the selection of different methods over different copper content of various sources. Keywords— Copper extraction, Copper recovery, Electroplating, Recycling, I. INTRODUCTION Increasing demand of copper gives elevated chances for generating copper waste from different industries. There are thousands number of industries existing which includes utilization or processing of copper. In this paper, review of several most copper containing waste and most optimum copper recovery methods are described. Waste source is targeted which gives better possibilities of copper recovery and ease of operation. Several metallurgical source like; brass slag, copper converter slag, electroplating waste, bonze scrap and pickling solution is included in the study. II. Copper recovery from Copper slag There are different verities of slag produced from smelters for non-ferrous production. Major emphasis is given to copper slag as it has equal to or higher copper content compared to raw copper ore. Generation and utilization of copper slag has higher environment impacts compared to steel and iron slag as they contain remarkable quantity of heavy metals with higher solubility. Chemical composition of copper slag varies with different origins. Chemical composition is given as per Shen Forssberg, 2003[1] in table 1. TABLE I Chemical composition of copper slag There are specific three methods to recover copper from copper slag; Floatation, Leaching and Roasting Floatation Barnes (1993) [2] has given industrial floatation process at Mount Isa Mines Limited to recover copper from copper slag. Grinding operation is applied until obtain the granular size of 80%- 74  µm before floatation. Floatation is also feasible for magnetite present in the raw copper slag, so hydroxy ethyl cellulose is used in the process as a depressant of magnetite impurities. MIBC is used in the process as froather agent and sodium sec-butyl xanthate is used as a collector of copper from the waste. The result of this process gives concentrate grade copper with high percentage as 42.54%. Overall yield of such process is 82%. This experiment is observed for copper slag containing 3.7% copper. In this experiment most of Co is observed with floatation tail. Mainly, copper slag floatation is somewhat similar with sulfide ore floatation because of the fact that only metallic copper and sulfide minerals from the copper slag can only be effectively floated. In other slag copper is usually observed under oxide state and Co and Ni are also in oxide state because of its homogeneous distribution in the slag. So the stated method will not be utilized effectively with Co, Ni and oxide copper state. Therefore the span for the floatation process is reduced in size as less quantity of Co, Ni must be present in the slag or copper must not be in the form of oxide. Leaching Leaching is used with some leachants mainly hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride, ammonia, sulphuric acid etc. Basire at al anand at all [3]. In the initial era cyanide was also used but it was terminated because of its harmful effects to environment. Leaching is positively influenced by addition of H2O2, or leaching with Cl2/Cl system, or pressure leaching. Figure 1 shows effect of H2O2 on leaching of copper based on the experiments of Base metal recovery [4] Figure 1. Kinetics of copper recovery Graph showing metal recovery with highly oxidising agent like H2SO4 for copper slag. Experiment is carried out with 10% solid in solution and particle size less than 100  µm. Experiment is carried out at 70 oC and pH maintained at 2.5 with applied H2O2 at 35 L/(h.t) Pressure leaching has broadly described by anand et al [4]. Study shows that with pressure leaching and use of dilute H2SO4 recovery of copper about 90% achieved from copper converter slag from the initial concentration of 4.03% Cu. Roasting Roasting is actually one intermediate step which involves the process for converting the copper in desired form that can be easily separated from the raw material. After application of roasting, Leaching or floatation must be used to achieve desired separation. If we narrow down the process criteria then we can say a lot more specific term as sulfate roasting instead of roasting. In this process conversion of cupper cobalt ant nickel is taking place and transformed into more feasible soluble sulfates. Raw material is processed at 200-600 oC by addition of sulfide or sulfate agents. Then these soluble sulfates are dissolved in water and easily separated from slag. Some of the agents used in the process are, (NH3)SO4, H2SO4, H2S, pyrite etc. Sulfurization reactions are summarized as bellow. Cu2O + H2S = Cu2S + H2O †¦(1) 2Cu + H2S +  ½ O2 = Cu2S + H2O †¦(2) Sulfides of copper are then easily converted to soluble copper sulfate with roasting at 600oC. Ziyadanogullari used this method to treat copper slag containing 2.4% copper. By sulfurization in closed system with 140oC for 1 hour and then heating and roasting with 600oC for 360 minutes gives better result for recovery of copper up to 99.2%. SCHEMCON-20141 | Page

Marjane Satrapis Persepolis Essay -- Marjane Satrapis Persepolis

In the 1970's a great power struggle began in Iran, leading to a profusion of civil unrest and mass emigration. In 1941 Iranian monarch Reza Shah, was removed from power by the United States and replaced by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who Westernized the highly conservative and religious nation. He continued implementing the Westernized laws set by his father, which were known to "discouraged democratic political expression in the public sphere" and condemned Islamic fundamentalism (Khosrokhavar 3). The largely conservative citizens of Iran protested the alterations in multiple movements in response to the westernization, financial failures, and perceived belief that the Shah was being controlled by Western powers for control over Iran's vast oil supply. January of 1979, the Shah went into exile in Egypt and the devoted Muslim leader Ayatollah Khomeini assumed power, reinstalling the strict, Islamic law; "The Constitution allows all laws to be revised [...] by an Assembly of Expert, which is dominated by conservative clergymen" (Khatami 122) . In 1980, Iraqi troops invaded Iran in hopes of capturing the oil- rich country amidst the Revolutionary turmoil, further contributing to Iranian emigration to European countries. The Iran Iraq War continued until 1988. The mass exodus resulted in the "forced dispersal, immigration, displacement and establishment of reconfigured transnational communities", now known as the Iranian diaspora (Agnew 19).Such abrupt uprooting of a citizen's identity and physical connection to their homeland leads to a conflicting sense of identity and belonging in individuals who are involved in the sudden transition. As a member of the Iranian diaspora, Marjane Satrapi endured many h... ...2010. N. pag. Print.Parsa, Misagh. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1989. Print. Safizadeh, Fereydoun, Persis M. Karim, and Mohammad M. Khorrami. A World Between: Poems, Short Stories, and Essays by Iranian Americans. New York: George Braziller, 1999. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. "On Writing Persepolis.†." Pantheon Graphic Novels 1 (2005). Satrapi, Marjane, and Marjane Satrapi. The Complete Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2007. Print. Salehi, M. M. Insurgency through Culture and Religion: The Islamic Revolution of Iran. New York: Praeger, 1988. Print. Diaz 13 Shavarini, Mitra K. Desert Roots: Journey of an Iranian Immigrant Family. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2012. Print. Talebi, Shahla, and SuÌ„daÌ„bah ArdavaÌ„n. Ghosts of Revolution: Rekindled Memories of Imprisonment in Iran. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2011. Print.

A Speech Directed to Politicians About The Problem of Homelessness :: Papers

A Speech Directed to Politicians About The Problem of Homelessness Today, we are faced with an increasing problem in society – homelessness. When we walk down the street, we find many people sleeping rough, living a life with drugs and alcohol as their only comfort. We are all united in tackling this dilemma that forces local authorities in Britain to take responsibility for housing 110,790 homeless households and in London, 28,610. I alone cannot do it, which is why I need your help to set up bed and breakfasts, detox centres, charities and some solace for these people. It is our duty to help our nation bring itself up to scratch; it is our duty to help each other. â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you†. Not only do we need to find homes for the homeless. We need to help them kick the habit of drugs and get them to hospitals where their health can be cared for. Homeless people have a frequency of physical health problems two or three time higher than the general population. Also, more than half of the people sleeping rough on the street have mental health problems, more than half. They can be a danger to themselves and to others, which is why they absolutely need our help. An alarming thought is that the statistics only count the homeless people who have applied to local authorities for help, so I have no idea how many have not been accounted for who desperately need help. I have heard about too many cases of homeless people who abuse drugs, which have shocked me and will shock you as well. One of them was a nineteen-year-old called Francis - he wasn’t that sure of his age, just like many other things in his life. His teeth were rotting so badly there were just black shards of them left and he smelled of old faeces and sweat. His own mother had introduced him to drugs when he was just a fifteen-year-old and then dumped him and his brother in a

Crime rates in the United States during World War II Essay

Crime in the United States is a fascinating phenomenon. It has changed throughout time and history. It evolved and progressed. There are visible waves in crime rates in the American history; this is often caused by changes in the economy, political situation as well as unemployment rate. Crime rates can also depend on the demographics of the area being studied. These are the several variables which can alter the outcome of crime rate measurement. The crime statistics in the United States, as well as the methods of their measurement, have changed in the past era very dramatically. After the considerable rise in crime in the 1920s, during the prohibition era, the United States government decided to develop a system for gathering crime statistics. â€Å"The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program was conceived in 1929 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police to meet a need for reliable, uniform crime statistics for the nation. In 1930, the FBI was tasked with collecting, publishing, and archiving those statistics. Today, several annual statistical publications, such as the comprehensive Crime in the United States, are produced from data provided by nearly 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the United States.† (Federal Buerau of Investigation-Uniform of Crime Reports) The advantage of the UCR is that, it provides us with data from over seven decades ago. This allows us to compare the rates from 1930 to the present times. It is a great tool in the study of crime patterns and trends through time. It can also aid in its prevention. Wartime can be especially straining on the societies morale and spirits. Poverty caused by instability in the country can contribute to the number of criminal incidences. War brings the ideas of bad political leadership, fear and uncertainty. Living in fright can be a great motivator; it can influence one to act a certain way, even to commit a crime. World War II was one of the most horrible events in history; it brought change to Europe as well as the United States. With it came new crime rate statistics and crime trends. It has been previously established that most crimes are committed by teenage males or adult men. â€Å"In the United States in 1940, about 55 percent of all the boys and men who were finger-printed for crimes were between the ages of 18 and 35. In this age group fell 60 percent  of those charged with criminal homicide (killing), assault, and theft, and 70 percent of those charged with robbery and homicide.† (historians.org) The draft enrolled 10,000,000 men in the age between 18 and 35 into duty; this was one of the main reasons for the fall in the crime rate in the years 1939 to 1945 from 10.0 to 8.7. These rates were based on one crime committed per 100,000 people in the community. The men who stayed behind, unable to serve for health reasons or because of age restrictions caused the unemployment to disappear. Higher pay checks made the public more confident and positive, they also attributed to lower rate of crimes against property. They had fewer reasons to commit crimes such as robbery or larceny. Economic growth and stability typically contributed to the rise of crimes such as aggravated assault, which jumped from 46.5 in 1939 to 54.8 in 1945. This was most likely caused by overconfidence of the criminals. â€Å"Improved economic conditions usually lead to an increase in crimes of violence, such as assault and manslaughter. † (historians.org)†In the United States at least 90 percent of the recorded crimes are the work of males.† (historians.org) This statistic did not change during World War II. It is safe to conclude that even though women became empowered by occupying traditional male roles during the War, it did not influence their willingness or ability to commit crime. â€Å"Women commit only a small proportion of crimes in normal times. Murder is almost the only crime of violence in which they are likely to figure. There are almost no women robbers or burglars.† (historians.org) Most likely women’s participation in crime during World War II did not change from the previous years. Not much data is available on the topic of crime against women such as rape or sexual assault during the years of 1939 to 1945. Our society’s mentality was very different in that time period. Sexual offenses were not discussed frequently. Furthermore, many of these crimes were disbelieved or more often, not reported. Juvenile delinquency was clearly visible during the World War II. It was a problem caused by the absence of the fathers and brothers, who usually  served as discipline enforcers to the children and youths in their families. Many children left without the direction of their male role models, engaged in criminal behavior. After 1938 there was a steady increase in boys’ as well as girls’ criminal cases reported to the court systems. This information was based on the Juvenile Court Statistics. † The Children’s Bureau (within the U.S. Department of Labor) tabulated the information on each card, including age, sex, and race of the youth; the reason for referral; the manner of dealing with the case; and the final disposition of the case.† (Juvenile Court Statistics) This became very costly, therefore after 1940’s the statistics were based on the annual case counts. â€Å"In 1943, the number of boys under 18 who were fingerprinted was 23 percent greater than in 1942; in 1944, it was 21.5 percent above the 1942 figure. Both years showed a progressive increase in homicide and assault charges against boys of this age group.† (historians.org) The rate of juvenile offences committed by boys was significantly growing during this time. Interpreting the data leads us to the conclusion that crime rates such as criminal homicide, robbery, burglary and larceny decreased during World War II. The rate of aggravated assault rose, most likely due to economic growth. Children and youths were left to their own devices, which resulted in delinquent behavior. Juvenile offences became a big problem, even among girls. The amount of crimes committed by women did not change greatly. Ergo, these statistics translate to one thing, and that is the fact that the instability brought on by war time and the unsteadiness of the economy were the biggest influences on crime rates in the United States during World War II. With time came great changes, not only to the economy, societal factors, and politics but also to the trends in crime in the United States. As mentioned earlier, crime rates fluctuate do to many specific factors. The differences in crimes committed during World War II, and present times are undeniable and clearly visible. Homicide is of interest not only because of its severity but also because it is a fairly reliable barometer of all violent crime. At a national level, no other crime is measured as accurately and precisely. Homicide rate rose in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s to a peak in 1991 of 9.8 per 100,000. From 1992 to 2000, the rate declined sharply. Since then, the rate has been stable. Today the rate is at a low seen last in the 1970’s. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics; Males represent 77% of homicide victims and nearly 90% of offenders. The offending rates for males were 8 times higher than the rates for females†¦Approximately one- third of murder victims and almost half the offenders are under the age of 25. For both victims and offenders the rate per 100,000 peaks in the 18-24 age group.( (buerau) This data is very similar to the one from the years 1939-45. It is safe to assume that the age and gender statistics of homicide offenders did not change significantly throughout time. More so, they have been parallel through history, exhuming the same characteristics. The reasons for the sever decline in the homicide rates in recent years, are debatable. Some, credit it to the standard of living in the United States. The poverty rates have gone down in recent years therefore many scientists believe that, it has influenced the homicide rate. It has been recorded that with the decline of poverty the homicide rates decline appropriately. The Bureau of Justice Statistics released a â€Å"Cross-National Studies in Crime and Justice,† in 2004 which examined what might have been responsible for the decline in crime rates. â€Å"With respect to murder, for example, the cross-national study found that between 1981 and 1999 the U.S. justice system increased the severity of punishment – doubling the actual number of days served in prison — and as severity increased, the homicide rate fell.† ( Telling America’s Story). Therefore, the degree of punishment might decrease the homicide rate in the United States. What is more interesting is that even though the homicide rates have fluctuated since World War II, the demographics of the offenders stayed very similar. To this day, just as it was in 1939, 90% of all crime offenders are males, between the ages of 18-24. Another significant difference in crime trends between the recent years and 1939-45 are the rates in rapes. There is not enough significant data from the World War II years regarding the trends in rape to compare to the present. Fortunately, the statistics concerning rape in the last decade are easily obtainable to anyone interested. The United States has the highest rape rate among the countries which report such statistics. The United States Crime Index notes that for every 100,000 Inhabitants in the country, 30.0 become the victims of sexual crime. Women are much more likely to become the targets of sexual assault. â€Å"Women are 10 times more likely than men to be victims of sexual assault (National Crime Victimization Survey, 1997).† A study among college women has shown that 1 out of every 5 college age women report being forced to have sexual intercourse. (1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey). These are only the incidences which have been reported, therefore it is reasonable to assume that the actual rate is much higher than the statistics may display. Only 16% of rapes and sexual assaults are reported to the police. In 1995 there were 97,460 rapes reported to law enforcement officials. At a 16% reporting rate, this means that there were actually closer to 649,733 rapes in the United. (Rape in America: A Report to the Nation. 1992). What is more unsettling is the fact that most of the perpetrators are known to the victims, 78% of women raped or physically assaulted since they turned 18 were assaulted by a current or former husband, live-in partner or date. 17% were victimized by an acquaintance, 9% by a relative other than a husband and only 14% were assaulted by a stranger. (National Violence Against Women Survey, 1998). These numbers are terrifying. What is even more disturbing is the outcome of a rape because it causes indescribable damage to those unfortunate ones who had experienced it. Most rape victims suffer from chronic psychological and physical conditions following the incident. Rape is not the crime that sparks the most ferocity and anger in society. That description is reserved to a sexual abuse of children. Over the past 25 years, the problem of child sexual victimization has received significant attention from researchers, clinicians, and policymakers. Yet underreporting  of sexual offenses against children has made it impossible to gauge either the frequency of such incidents or the size of victim and offender populations. In addition, deficient research methodologies have yielded incompatible or contradictory findings with regard to the characteristics, motivations, and recidivism rates of offenders. As a result, critical decisions about offender dangerousness, control, and treatment have been made in the absence of a sound knowledge base. (Robert A. Prentky, 1997). Most abused and neglected children never come to the attention of government authorities. This is particularly true for neglected and sexually abused children, who may have no physical signs of harm. In the case of sexual abuse, secrecy and intense feelings of shame may prevent children, and adults aware of the abuse, from seeking help. Therefore, official government statistics do not indicate actual rates of child abuse. Government statistics are based on cases that were reported to social service agencies, investigated by child protection workers, and had sufficient evidence to determine that a legal definition of â€Å"abuse† or â€Å"neglect† was met. Therefore using self-report surveys to measure the number of child focused sexual behavior became an alternative in the Child Sexual Molestation: Research Issues Report published by the United States Department of Justice. â€Å"Perhaps the most dramatic offender self-report data on victimization rates come from research in which investigators recruited 561 subjects through a variety of means (e.g., health care workers, media advertising, and presentations at meetings).† (Robert A. Prentky, 1997) The offenders were given a lengthy structured clinical interview covering standard demographic information as well as history of deviant sexual behavior. The 561 subjects reported a total of 291,737 â€Å"paraphilic acts† committed against 195,407 victims under the age of 18. The five most frequently reported paraphilic acts involved criminal conduct: Nonincestuous child molestation with a female victim (224 of the 561 subjects reported 5,197acts against 4,435 victims). Nonincestuous child molestation with a male victim -153 of the 561 subjects reported 43,100 acts against 22,981 victims. Incest with a female victim -159 of the 561 subjects reported 12,927 acts against 286 victims. Incest with a male victim -44 of the 561 subjects reported 2,741 acts  against 75 victims. Rape -126 of the 561 subjects reported 907 acts against 882 victims. Child molestation has rapidly become a great concern not only to law makers but also to care givers and parents of young children. (Robert A. Prentky, 1997). In the beginning of the nineteenth century many educated people believed that child molestation was not an issue. Furthermore, most of them blamed the children, concluding that they were seductive and not as innocent as others believed them to be. â€Å"In the early part of the century, psychoanalytical writers maintained steadfastly that sexual abuse was the fault of the child, not the adult that it occurred because aggressive children â€Å"seduced† innocent men. (Salter, 2003) Salter brings up and example of a psychiatrist Lauretta Bender who wrote in 1937, that sexual assaulted children derive fundamental satisfaction from the relationship, and do not completely deserve the cloak of innocence with which they have been endowed by moralists, social reformers and legislators.As proof she offered her conclusion as to the children being â€Å"unusually charming and attractive and asked that society view the children as â€Å"the actual seducer rather than the one actually seduced†. (Salter, 2003) In my opinion the difference between the years 1939- 45 and the present time is in the perception of what child molestation is. Today every one (who is not a sexual offender) agrees that sexual offences against children are especially gruesome and cruel. No one blames the victims, because they are guilty free. Their offenders are the ones that are being held responsible for the crime. The way sexual predators were seen in the past has changed dramatically. Not many believe anymore, that the victimized child was being â€Å"seductive† toward their offender. A type of crime that is very common in all societies is aggravated assault. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program defines aggravated assault as an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. The Program further specifies that this type of assault is usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or by other means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. Attempted  aggravated assault that involves the display of-or threat to use-a gun, knife, or other weapon is included in this crime category because serious personal injury would likely result if the assault were completed. When aggravated assault and larceny-theft occur together, the offense falls under the category of robbery. There were an estimated 855,856 aggravated assaults in the United States during the year 2007. An examination of the 10-year trend data for the rate of aggravated assaults revealed that the rate in 2007 declined 21.5 percent when compared with the rate for 1998. The rate of aggravated assaults in the Nation was estimated at 283.8 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants in 2007. In 2007, 21.4 percent of the aggravated assaults for which law enforcement agencies provided expanded data involved a firearm. The use of firearms during aggravated assaults decreased 2.8 percent when 2007 data were compared with 2006 data. (Federal Buerau Of Investigation, 2007). The percentage of aggravated assault is undeniably very high, but in comparison to the data available from previous years it has been dropping noticeably. Numerous organizations have applied various risk factors such as â€Å"personality traits like impulsivity, family factors like poor parental supervision, school experiences like poor grades and peer factors like gang membership† as to the probability of one committing aggravated assault. I am certain that, every one of us has witnessed, assaulted someone, or became very close to committing assault. It sounds terrifying, but unfortunately it is true. For the sake of argument, let’s just take these examples under consideration: in a daily commute to work or school one may encounter an agitated driver on the brink of developing road rage; While shopping during the holiday season it is not unusual to observe a stream of threats and menacing gestures between store patrons and employees; At sporting events such as a basketball scuffle between players and spectators or coaches; Social activities such as bars or parties where inebriated individuals often threaten or engage one another. Elementary and Junior High Schools also find themselves with a disproportionate number of schoolyard violent acts. The reality is that, we are surrounded by incidences ready to advance to  assault and most of us do not even realize it. It is very important that, we understand when to accept defeat in an argument with a stranger, because in most cases we underestimate the capabilities of another human being. Although the rates of aggravated assault have declined in recent years, it is not unlikely to suffer from an attack of another member of the society. Aggravate assault will occur anywhere, where tensions run high. This type of crime has existed since the beginning of time and will continue to, regardless of the changes in the societal factors. The Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report contains reliable data and relevant research to provide a comprehensive and insightful view of juvenile crime across the nation in recent years. Citing FBI and other data sources, the Report demonstrates that the rate of juvenile violent crime arrests has consistently decreased since 1994, falling to a level not seen since at least the 1970s. However, during this period of overall decline in juvenile violence, the female proportion of juvenile violent crime arrests has increased (especially for the crime of assault), marking an important change in the types of youth entering the juvenile justice system and in their programming needs. As in the past, most future murders will probably be committed by males. However, the average age of the perpetrators is declining, and today the doer of the crime is more likely to be a teenager than ever before in history. â€Å"In 1995, at least 3,800 teenagers between the age of thirteen and eighteen were formally arrested for murder in the United States. That number represented approximately 20% of all murder rates for that year.† (D.Kelleher, 1998) As disturbing as that is, it is not as unsettling as the fact that in 1995, well over 2 million juveniles under the age of eighteen were arrested on a variety of charges that ranged in seriousness from curfew violation to murder. (Federal Buerau Of Investigation, 2007)In 1999 juveniles comprised only 17 percent of all arrests and 12 percent of all violent crime arrests. In 1999 the juvenile murder arrest rate fell 68 percent, to the lowest level since the 1960s, and juvenile arrests for violent crime dropped 23 percent from 1995 to 1999. In 1998, 23 percent of the juvenile court caseload involved crimes of violence, females committed  28 percent of the violent crimes, and children under age sixteen accounted for 64 percent, and 62 percent were committed by white youth and 35 percent by African-American children. Thus the juvenile population of violent offenders in 1998 was comprised of more females, more white children, and younger juveniles then in the years prior. The biggest problem the juvenile court system is faced with is gang violence. Juvenile gang members are responsible for a very large number of crimes against property as well as homicide. Many of children who enter gangs are under the age of twelve. â€Å"The number of cities reporting youth gang activity rose from 300 in the 1970s to nearly 2,500 in 1998.† (DEWEY G. CORNELL)In the 1970s only nineteen states reported gang problems, but in the 1990s all fifty states reported gang crimes. It is obvious that the problem of gang association has been visible for three decades. Still not many laws have changed to accommodate underage gang offenders. In 1999 there were approximately 26,000 gangs and 840,500 gang members in the United States. Also, the average age of gang members increased; gang members aged fifteen to seventeen decreased 8 percent from 1996 to 1999. (DEWEY G. CORNELL) Youth gangs continue to be a major problem that the juvenile justice system has not yet begun to control. The World War II juvenile offenders differ from the ones presently active. The juvenile offenders who are in the system, have a greater accessibility to weapons, they have a greater source of information in the form of the internet. They are smarter and more experienced, with greater knowledge of the consequences of their actions. The delinquents of our times have an obvious advantage over their victims as do all of the criminal in comparison to their predecessors form the 1939-45 years. Another advantage of the criminals of our times is their knowledge of the criminal system. They have the knowledge and understanding of the cost of crime and are willing to do anything not to pay for their actions. The ultimate goal of crime prevention is to develop a highly reliable method for forecasting future crime trends and problems. If we can predict crime,  we can develop prevention and reduction measures. But like reliably forecasting the weather, there are many errors in our methods and gaps in our skills. Crime is a phenomenon which has excised since the beginning of time. Even though we have had more than 2000 years to observe study and predict it, we are still learning what it might become in the future. As I mentioned earlier, many things can influence crime patterns and rates. The most obvious are: demographic factors, such as age, sex and race, do have effect on crime. Generally, this method involves looking at changes in the crime-prone age categories (adolescents and young adults). Economic environment, such as recession or high levels of unemployment may also be compared to changes in crime. Further, the growth in female and juvenile participation in crime is accounted for by the increased participation of women in activities outside the home and by the decline of an established role for juveniles in society. When trying to predict the future of crime rates and patterns in the United States, we must take all of the above in to consideration and draw our own conclusions. In recent years the abortion rates have dropped to all time low. If we take that under consideration we come to the conclusion that the drop in the number of abortions attributes to a larger number of births. Abortion has become a very expensive procedure and therefore a large percentage of women cannot afford the procedure. This ultimately leads to a larger number of unwanted children being born and consequently contributing to the rise in crime. I also believe that, criminals’ accessibility to transportation will ultimately shift crimes from the neighborhoods to rural areas. Crime will become free of geography. The numbers of cars are increasing every year, thus giving the future criminals more options. The crimes committed in the past were highly concentrated in the cities because of the dependence on means of transportation. Today, the amount of cars will contribute to the rise in crime rates and larger area of their occurrence. Another, in my opinion, very obvious and important reason for which the numbers of crime will increase in the next 10 to 20 years are the advances in technology. As much as new technology aids law enforcement, it also helps the offenders. Until few decades ago, no one anticipated sending photos, receiving videos or hacking into federal data bases through computers. Today, computers have become a necessity in most homes. There are also many facilities which allow anyone to use a computer at their leisure. For just a few dollars, anyone can access the internet at a place other than their home. This not only allows criminals to use technology to their advantage, as an aid in criminal act, but also helps them stay anonymous. Pedophiles, hackers and identity-thieves are just a click away from their next crime. In recent years, internet access has been offered through mobile phone companies. This fact has made criminal acts easier to commit. Future technology may be used as tools in the commission of crime. For example, cordless power cutting tools in burglaries. Technology makes our lives much easier, but it also gives criminals more, advanced opportunities. Experts say the recent mild decline in crime is due to the aging of the Baby Boom generation. If we take this fact under consideration, we will have to agree that the next generation will have a significant impact on the increase in crime rates. In the future the number of 15-25 year olds males will increase and with that, so will the number of crimes. As mentioned earlier 90% of all crimes are committed by males in that age group, therefore the conclusion is clear. Aging of the baby boomers will cause an increase in crime rates in the next 10 to 20 years. My conclusion is that crime rates will increase significantly in the future due to new technologies; more means of transportation, aging baby boomers and lower abortion rates. The solution is one. Our society must put all of its resources and efforts into the prevention of future crimes. This means  more prisons and harsher punishment for chronic offenders. I strongly believe that we should abandon early release from correction facilities because it this sends the wrong message to future criminals. We should also focus on the education of law enforcement and the public. We should try to prevent crimes rather than suffering their effects on our reality. â€Æ'Bibliography Telling America’s Story. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2008, from http://www.america.govD.Kelleher, M. (1998). When Good Kids Kill. Westport: Praeger. Dewey G. Cornell, D. C. (n.d.). Answers. Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://www.answers.com/topic/juvenile-justice-systemFederal Buerau Of Investigation. (2007). Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/Justice, U. D. (n.d.). Buerau of Justice Statistics. 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